The luminescent signal was detected using a compatible CCD imaging and analysis system measuring absorbance at 450 nm. The concentration of each sample was quantified by comparing the spot intensities with the corresponding standard curves calculated from the standard sample results using the SearchLight Array Analyst Software. Integrated density values were proportional selleck kinase inhibitor to the concentrations of bound proteins. Standard curves, raw data and final pg/ml concentrations for each analyte and each sample were reviewed in the array software and exported to Microsoft Excel Software for

further statistical analysis. Sample values were calculated from the standard curve in a linear range. All counts were based on individual sections and show the total number of neurons per slice. The number of microscopically detectable immunoreactive ChAT-positive neurons was counted in each whole slice and visualized under the 40 × objective by a blind observer. Multistatistical selleck chemicals analysis (KaleidaGraph) was

obtained by one-way ANOVA with Fisher LSD post hoc test, comparing controls against respective treatments in which p < 0.05 represents statistical significance. We were interested in identifying the most efficient transfection method for generating NGF-secreting primary rat monocytes. Each system was Succinyl-CoA optimized and evaluated for reproducibility and functional

gene expression (NGF secretion). Unfortunately, no NGF secretion was observed in primary monocytes transfected by electroporation, Effectene or FuGene (even following extensive optimization) (Table 1). Note that Table 1 only displays NGF secretion under optimized conditions. Refer to Methods section for all transfection conditions tested. Although the transfection conditions tested within each method were not always equivalent (i.e. DNA concentration) to other methods tested, this was not the reason for different efficiencies between systems. DNA input was determined in accordance with the recommended method levels and thus different concentrations were needed to optimize each method. When primary rat monocytes were transfected using nucleofection, monocytes secreted 0.8 ± 0.2 ng/ml NGF per 24 h per 1 million cells under optimized conditions (determined after many attempts at varying transfection conditions, see Table 1). Approximately 10–30% of nucleofected monocytes were transfected with the pmaxGFP vector (data not shown). However, monocyte nucleofection reproducibility was low (21%). Cell viability was also relatively low in nucleofected cells, where approximately 89% were annexin-V-positive and approximately 51% PI-positive (Fig. 1D–F). Although many attempts were made to enhance reproducibility and determine the factors responsible (i.e.

Of these 45 patients with EGFR mutation-positive

tumors, 27 (60%) had received gefitinib and 18 (40%) carboplatin/paclitaxel. Of the 116 cytology samples, 31 (19%) were evaluable Talazoparib mw for EGFR mutation of which nine (29%) were EGFR mutation-positive. Of these nine patients with EGFR mutation-positive tumors, six (67%) had received gefitinib and three (33%) carboplatin/paclitaxel. A total of 20 histology samples (20%) and 85 cytology samples (73%) were not evaluable for EGFR mutation status (insufficient DNA for mutation analysis or no material available for DNA extraction and subsequent analysis). Fig. 3 summarizes the number of evaluable and EGFR mutation-positive samples observed, according to tumor cell content. A total of 52 cytology samples (45%) had <100 tumor cells; eleven of these samples provided an evaluable EGFR mutation result, of which two (18%) were EGFR mutation-positive. A total of 64 cytology samples (55%) had >100 tumor cells; twenty of these samples provided an evaluable EGFR mutation result, of which seven (35%) were EGFR mutation-positive. Data from the previously unanalyzed histology samples showed that 73 samples (74%) had <100 tumor cells, with 59 samples providing an evaluable EGFR mutation result; thirty (51%) were EGFR mutation-positive. A total of 26 histology samples (26%) had >100 tumor cells. These samples had previously been excluded from the main IPASS study on the

basis that they did not meet the pre-specified thresholds regarding tumor content and sample quality/quantity (described in

Section 2). Twenty samples provided an evaluable EGFR mutation result; 15 (75%) were EGFR mutation-positive. In total, therefore, this website EGFR mutation-positive tumors were detected in 54 patients which had previously been described as EGFR mutation-unknown. Of the EGFR mutation-positive cytology samples, 5 (55.6%) were positive for exon 19 deletions and 4 (44.4%) were positive for exon 21 L858R. Of the EGFR mutation-positive histology next samples, 22 (48.9%) were positive for exon 19 deletions, 18 (40%) for exon 21 L858R, and two (4.4%) for exon 18 G719S/A/C. A total of three samples were identified as having double mutations: two (4.4%) for exon 19 deletions and exon 21 L858R, and one sample (2.2%) for exon 18 G719S/A/C and exon 21 L861Q. Data from the previously analyzed samples demonstrated the differential efficacy in terms of ORRs for patients with gefitinib, with 1% of patients (n = 1/100) having an objective response in the EGFR mutation-negative subgroup, 43% (n = 167/386) in the mutation-unknown subgroup, and 71% (n = 94/132) in the mutation-positive subgroup [4] and [5]. Note that in the previous analysis, the EGFR mutation-unknown subgroup consisted of 386 patients, including 61 patients described as not previously analyzed and who are described here. Fig. 4 summarizes the ORR in the previously unanalyzed cytology and histology samples by EGFR mutation status for patients with gefitinib.

Freeze-dried venom extract (10 mg of total protein) from P. paulista OSI-744 nmr was solubilized in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.2) and

separated by cation exchange chromatography in a Hiprep FF CM column (160 mm × 10 mm, 20 mL – GE Healthcare) coupled to an Akta-FPLC system. Elution was accomplished by a linear gradient of 0–1 M NaCl in the same buffer above and monitored by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm and the hyaluronidase activity. Hyaluronidase activity was determined by the turbidimetric method (Long-Rowe and Burnett, 1994) modified by Silva et al. (2004). Because venom Hyals are classified as type I enzymes that act on CS in addition to HA (Fiszer-Szafarz, 1984; Fiszer-Szafarz et al., 1990), enzyme activity was determined by hydrolysis of CS (Chondroitin Sulfate A Sodium Salt from bovine trachea or C4-S, Sigma, Aldrich, USA) at pH 5.2. One unit of specific activity was defined as the amount of enzyme necessary to hydrolyze 1 nmoL of chondroitin (U = nmol of CS hydrolyzed/mg of venom protein) per hour. Fractions showing hyaluronidase activity were collected, this website pooled, and lyophilized. The protein concentration was determined and 80 μg of total protein were separated by 15% (w/v)

SDS-PAGE in a Mini-Protean II (BioRad) at 100 V. The gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (CBB) and scanned. For Western blotting experiments, 80 μg of total protein from venom extracts of different insects were separated by 15% SDS-PAGE. A pre-stained standard molecular weights ranging from 12,000 to 225,000 Da (High-Range Rainbow Molecular Weight Markers, Amersham Biosciences-GE Healthcare, USA) was run in parallel. Runs were carried out at Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase 75 V in the stacking gel and 100–110 V on the resolving gel over a period of 2 h. Following separation, the proteins were transferred from the gels onto nitrocellulose membranes. Gel pieces containing FPLC-purified Pp-Hyal were

destained twice for 30 min at 25 °C with 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate/50% (v/v) acetonitrile, dehydrated in 50% acetonitrile, dried, and treated with 20 μg/mL trypsin (Promega, USA) in 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate (pH 7.9) at 37 °C for 16 h. Digests were extracted from gel pieces with 50% (v/v) acetonitrile/water and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid, combined and vacuum dried. The concentrated digests were mixed with 0.5 μL of matrix containing 10 mg/mL α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in 50% (v/v) acetonitrile mixed with equal volume of 0.1% (v/v) trifluoracetic acid and spotted onto a MALDI plate. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed by MALDI ToF/ToF-MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight/Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry) on an Axima Performance MALDI Mass Spectrometer (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments). MS data were acquired in the m/z range from 700 to 3500, with an accelerating voltage of 20 kV and delayed extraction, a peak density maximum of 50 peaks per 200 Da, a minimal S/N ratio of 10 and a maximum peak at 60. LaunchPad 2.8.

Such maxima were too insignificant in size and rate of occurrence to affect the long-term radiance distributions. As is well selleck chemicals llc known, an offshore wind induces coastal water upwelling that brings nutrients into the basin’s upper layer, thus creating conditions for the blooming of phytoplankton with a consequent increase in SPM content in the water. This succession of processes takes several days to produce an excessive sediment concentration. Our approach involves the use of radiance and wind data for one and the same YD, thanks to which the results of data processing cannot be contaminated by the consequences of wind-induced upwelling events, even though they actually did

take place. Uncorrected satellite images of the Caspian Sea show jet-like structures, which are regarded as carriers of dust from the Central Asian deserts. This dust fallout

can enhance Lwn estimates. The standard atmospheric correction algorithm of check details colour scanner missions removes the fallout effects from the normalized water-leaving radiance. The low and virtually constant Lwn just west of the testing area for any winds in our figures confirm the algorithm’s efficiency. So, there are no grounds for believing that the redistribution of radiance fields within the shallow for moderate winds from different directions was due to factors other than the wind-induced resuspension of bottom sediments. The close resemblance of the distributions

of red and shortwave radiances for winds of any direction, including the offshore wind, indicates that the resuspension mechanism fills the water column with resuspended particles up to the near-surface layer. The maximum estimates of radiance difference dLwnav(λ) for opposing winds gravitated towards the middle of the shallow with the most gentle bottom slope between the 10 and 15 m isobaths ( Figure 4). This and other facts Chorioepithelioma point to the dependence of resuspension efficiency on the wind direction and to the non-uniform distribution of resuspension efficiency over the shallow under a steady wind. The issue of resuspension efficiency is a typical interdisciplinary problem that involves such lines of inquiry as mesoscale water dynamics, water density stratification, inherent optical properties of water, size spectrum and properties of particles of bottom sediments, the nature of the bottom substrate ranging from sand and mud to a canopy of macrophytes, the impact of bioturbation on the bottom sediments strength etc. This is beyond the scope of the present work. The published evidence, concerning the water dynamics, sedimentology, meteorology and other branches of oceanology for the southern Caspian Sea, is far from matching the long-term satellite observations in volume and regularity.

, 2010). It can furthermore be expected that the collision damage may lead to progressive hull failure, which is not accounted for

in the model. The spilled oil volume depends on the damage opening and position above or below the waterline (Tavakoli et al., 2010), and may be expected to depend on vessel motion in waves, dynamic pressure differences due to wave action and the shape of the opening. Not all these variables are included in the BN, leading to uncertainty regarding the damage extent. The assumption that all oil in all breached tanks is spilled, is conservative, see Section 4.3.1. BTK activity One aspect of predictive validity concerns a behavior sensitivity test. In particular, the parameter GSK2118436 research buy sensitivity of the model output in terms of oil outflow is determined for each node of the presented BN, using the sensitivity function as proposed

by Chan and Darwiche (2002): equation(25) f(z)=(c1z+c2)(c3z+c4)Here, f(z) is the output probability of interest given parameter variables z, which have the following form: equation(26) z=p(Y=yi|π)z=p(Y=yi|π)where yi is one state of a network variable Y, and π a combination of states for Y’s parent nodes. The constants ci, i = 1…4 are computed based on the model. The sensitivity value is determined based on the first derivative of the sensitivity function. Table 8 shows the maximum absolute sensitivity values of the ten most sensitive BN nodes, with variable “Oil Outflow” as output. This indicates that the oil outflow is very sensitive to the impact location, the speed of the striking ship, the struck ship mass and the impact angle. Interestingly, the presented BN model shows only very limited sensitivity to the tank arrangement. A qualitative features analysis can be made based on the accident scenarios of Table 7 and Fig. 9. Considering e.g.

scenario 1, it is seen that an impact outside the cargo area (l: [0–0.2]) almost certainly leads to no oil outflow under an oblique impact angle. If a perpendicular impact is considered, the model leads to more probable bigger spills if the impact happens near the aft cargo bulkhead. If the impact occurs in the midship area (l: [0.4–0.6]), there is a non-zero check details probability of no spill under oblique impact angles, but when impact angles are close to perpendicular there always is a spill. Such behavior can qualitatively be expected as under oblique angles, it is possible that the double hull is not breached whereas for the same available deformation energy under perpendicular impacts, the double hull will be breached. Similar behaviors can be derived from the considered cases of scenario 2, where it is also seen that the probabilities for larger spill volumes are larger than for scenario 1. This can also be expected as scenario 2 considers a larger product tanker than scenario 2.

High dose female rats were treated with 180 mg/kg/day and male rats with 120 mg/kg/day. In male rats, the 120 mg/kg/day was selected based on a prior 26-week rat study wherein increased stomach weight and decreased body Doxorubicin weight gain in male rats treated with 180 mg/kg/day (data not shown) was deemed above a

maximum tolerated dose (MTD) consistent with unacceptable morbidity/mortality over a 2-year exposure duration. Additional satellite rats were treated with 0 (n = 5/sex), 20, 60 or 180/120 mg/kg/day Ticagrelor (n = 10/sex/dose) for 52 weeks for toxicokinetics (TK) bioanalysis. Ticagrelor was suspended in 1% carboxymethylcellulose with 0.1% polysorbate 80 (w/v, vehicle). The dosing volume was 5 mL/kg with the control (0 mg/kg/day) group receiving vehicle only. The rats were group housed by gender, 5 per home cage.

All main study animals were examined macroscopically and microscopically with a full tissue list collected. The tissues check details were trimmed, embedded in paraffin wax and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). All slides were examined microscopically and the findings peer reviewed. On days 1, 3 and during weeks 26 and 52, 0.3 mL of blood was collected from the satellite rats at 4 hours post dose for 0 mg/kg/day rats and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours post dose (n = 3 rats/sex/time point) for TK bioanalysis. The blood was collected in 0.5 mL microtainer tubes containing lithium heparin (Becton Dickenson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) and TK bioanalysis of exposure determined by protein precipitation and liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS). Rats were fed rodent chow (Lab Diet, Gray Summit, MO) and consumption was measured and recorded weekly up to the end of Week 13 Dynein for each cage (n = 5 rats). Between Weeks 14 and 28, food consumption was measured and recorded over approximately

one week in every two weeks. After Week 28 food consumption was measured and recorded for one week in every four weeksuntil the end of the study. The daily mean food consumption was calculated per rat per day for each period of recording from the total food or water consumption in each cage divided by the number of rats in the cage. Body weights were recorded once pretreatment, daily for the first 13 weeks of the study and then weekly until end of the study. Any rat showing weight loss or deterioration in condition was weighed more frequently, as necessary. Statistical analysis of the data were as follows: 1) histological data using Fishers Exact Test (two-tailed), 2) tumor data using SAS (v8.2) PORC MULTITEST at the 5% significance level, and 3) body weight and food consumption of the main study rats were analyzed using Hartley’s jackknifed F-max test and Fishers’ F-protected t-test.

Ethical approval: Not required. The authors would like to thank Dr. Pexidartinib purchase Ziad Memish, Assistant Deputy Minister of Health for Preventive Medicine MOH, KSA and Dr. Chris Van Beneden, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA, for their valuable advice and support. The authors would also like to thank the WH Administration, Departments of Quality Management, Nursing, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Laboratory, Anesthesia, Emergency, Radiology, Respiratory Therapy, Emergency Medical Services, CSSD, Medical Records, Housekeeping, Engineering and Emergency Medical Services and all of the Women’s Hospital

staff for their continuous cooperation and support in making the control of the GAS outbreak a success. The authors would also like to thank Ms. Rajula Shaheem for her excellent secretarial support. “
“In an increasingly large amount of scientific literature, DA-HAIs are considered the principal threat to patient safety in the ICU and are among the main causes of patient morbidity and mortality [1] and [2]. In industrialized countries, device-associated healthcare-associated infection (DA-HAI) surveillance in the intensive care unit (ICU) plays a substantial role in hospital infection control and quality assurance [3] and was reported by the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (CDC) study of the efficacy of nosocomial selleckchem infection control (SENIC) as an efficacious tool to reduce DA-HAIs [4]. The CDC’s previous National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS) and current National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) have established standardized criteria for DA-HAI surveillance [5] and [6]. This standardized surveillance method allows for the determination of DA-HAI rates per 1000 device-days, which can be used as benchmarks

among healthcare centers, and provides infection control practitioners (ICPs) with an in-depth look at the institutional problems they are confronted with so they can design an effective strategy to solve them. However, in the context of an expanded framework for DA-HAI control, most of the relevant studies of ICU-acquired infections have been carried out Cobimetinib in industrialized countries [7]. In developing countries, in contrast, few published studies have reported DA-HAI rates using standardized definitions [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14] and [15]. The International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) was founded in 1998, when selected hospitals from Latin America were invited to participate in the project to measure DA-HAIs using standardized definitions and methodology [16]. Subsequently, other hospitals from different parts of the world joined the INICC. Currently, the INICC comprises a worldwide network of 300 hospitals from 40 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Europe [12]. On a monthly basis, healthcare facilities send data to the INICC, which are then entered into an international database.

The assay can detect carcinogens that act directly on the DNA (clastogens) ( Kirpnick et al., 2005). The methodology has been modified to support microwell plate use thereby increasing throughput ( Hafer et al., 2010). However, there are still concerns about the cell wall permeability of the yeast and the perceived relevance of the cell system ( Lynch et al., 2011). There are 2 major limitations to the current in vitro mammalian genotoxicity assays: Low throughput: this is mainly linked to the manual scoring that limits

large scale screening in terms of time. In the last few years, some technologies have been developed to increase the throughput. For example, automated flow cytometric analysis is used to score in vitro micronucleus samples ( Bryce et al., 2007). This methodology could potentially be used as a pre-screening tool while awaiting further validation, as detailed in a recent review ( Avlasevich check details et al., 2011). The γH2AX assay could be of potential use in overcoming GDC 0068 the 2 major limitations mentioned above. There are several methods for detecting γH2AX and these have evolved to become simpler, quicker and more automated. Initially, γH2AX detection employed acetic acid-urea-triton and acid-urea-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (aut-aucPAGE), a two-dimensional gel analysis to detect the level of phosphorylated H2AX. Gels from

untreated mammalian cell cultures were compared to gels generated using radiated cultures. The gels from the treated cells showed an additional shadowed area identified as a region containing the γH2AX protein which migrates through the gel differently than non-phosphorylated H2AX (Rogakou et al., 1998). However, after the initial development of this approach, immunocytochemical detection as described by Rogakou et al. became the primary method of detection, as it is several orders of magnitude more sensitive and has the potential for quantitation (Rogakou et al., 1999), (Sedelnikova et al., 2002). This method is based on the use of a γH2AX-specific monoclonal fluorophore-coupled

antibody. Once γH2AX presence has been detected by the Ketotifen antibody based technique, the results can be quantified using various methods. These approaches have been discussed extensively in a previous review (Bonner et al., 2008) and are summarised briefly below: Immunofluorescence analysis: a phosphospecific antibody is used to detect γH2AX, the antibody does not bind to any non-phosphorylated H2AX. This antibody can either be directly labelled with a fluorophore reporter or detected by addition of a secondary, fluorophore-labelled antibody. The stained γH2AX can then be analysed by manual or automated scoring. – Manual scoring: the stained cells are evaluated by eye using a fluorescence microscope. This method will only be able to give qualitative results, i.e. presence or absence of fluorescence. Additionally, the number of foci per cell could be counted.

However, no attempts were reported in the literature on the use of this methodology for the analysis of adulteration of ground and roasted coffee samples. Also, no reports were found on the analysis of coffee samples adulterated with more than one adulterant, be it with DRIFTS or any other analytical technique. Given the need for more effective and faster routine methods for analysis of coffee adulteration, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of DRIFTS for discrimination between roasted Selleck Dasatinib coffee and common adulterants such as roasted corn and coffee husks. Green Arabica coffee and corn samples were acquired from local markets.

Coffee husks were provided by Minas Gerais State Coffee Industry Union (Sindicato da Indústria de Café do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil). Coffee beans, coffee husks and corn samples (30 g) were submitted to roasting in a convection oven (Model 4201D Nova Ética, São Paulo, Brazil), at 200, 220, 240, 250 and 260 °C. After roasting, the samples were ground and sieved (0.39 mm < D < 0.5 mm) and submitted to color evaluation.

Color measurements were performed using a tristimulus colorimeter (HunterLab Colorflex 45/0 Spectrophotometer, Hunter Laboratories, VA, USA) with standard illumination D65 and colorimetric normal observer angle of 10°. Measurements were based on the see more CIE L∗a∗b∗ three dimensional cartesian (xyz) color space represented by: Luminosity (L∗), ranging from 0 (black) to 100 (white) – z axis; parameter a∗, representing the green–red color component – x axis; and parameter b∗, representing the blue–yellow component -y axis. Previous studies have shown that roasting degree will be dependent on the type of sample and on the roasting temperature ( Franca, Oliveira, Oliveira, Mancha

Agresti, & Augusti, 2009; Oliveira et al., 2009). Preliminary tests showed that it would take temperatures higher than 240 °C to promote significant color changes in crude corn for it to be considered roasted to degrees comparable to those for commercially available coffee. Roasting of coffee husks, on the other hand, was only feasible for temperatures below 240 °C. Thus, for each sample type (e.g., coffee or adulterant), three temperatures were Thymidylate synthase selected in the range of 200–260 °C. For each temperature, several roasting times were tested. As expected, both increases in roasting temperatures and times led to decrease in luminosity (L*) values, e.g., darker roasts. In order to attain different levels of roasting (light, medium, dark) that could be representative of commercially available coffee, for each sample and temperature the roasting times were selected based on L* values measured for commercially available roasted coffee samples, corresponding to light (23.5 < L*< 25.0), medium (21.0 < L*< 23.5) and dark (19.0 < L*< 21.0) roasts.

The broad diversity of these spectra is evident, due to the differences in concentrations and compositions of the

various groups of OACs in the waters of these lakes (i.e. SPM, chlorophyll a and other pigments, CDOM). So, for example, the lowest chlorophyll a levels dropped to ca 1 mg m−3 (in Lake Jasień Północny), whereas the highest value of 336 mg m−3 was recorded in Lake Gardno. The overall effect of the concentration of this group of components on the reflectance spectra Rrs(λ) is shown in Figure 2: this presents practically all the reflectance spectra in comparison with the triangular plot of the relative OAC concentrations in these waters. A glance at this figure shows straight away that the reflectances Rrs(λ) PI3K Inhibitor Library cell line over the whole spectral range are the highest in waters with a high chlorophyll a concentration, i.e. a high concentration of phytoplankton and a high overall mass of SPM. Reflectances thus increase distinctly over the entire VIS spectral range as a result of the enhanced scattering of light from suspended particles; the spectra of this reflectance are simultaneously modified as a result of the selective absorption of light according to the well-known relationship Rrs(λ) ~ bb(λ)/(a(λ) + bb(λ)), where bb and a are the respective PLX3397 price coefficients of backscattering and absorption (see e.g. Gordon & Morel 1983, Gordon

et al. 1988). This figure also shows that Orotic acid waters with a high CDOM concentration have the lowest reflectance; the index of this concentration is the coefficient of light absorption aCDOM(440 nm) and is practically non- measurable in the short-wave

region of the VIS spectrum, which CDOM absorbs very strongly (e.g. Woźniak & Dera 2007). In comparison with the plot of reflectance spectra Rrs(λ), the triangular plot in Figure 2 clearly demonstrates a strong rise in spectral values of Rrs with high chlorophyll a concentration, and their sharp drop due to the high concentration of CDOM (high values of aCDOM(440)). The distinct increase in reflectance with rising levels of chlorophyll a and total SPM for similar CDOM concentrations (strictly speaking, the index of these concentrations aCDOM(440 nm)) is shown in Figure 3. The selective absorption of light by the various pigments and CDOM contained in the water complicates the reflectance spectra considerably. Its maxima lie in the wavelength intervals less strongly absorbed than the wavelengths in adjacent intervals, and the minima coincide with the absorption bands of particular OACs, both dissolved and suspended in the water. There are many absorption bands, but their detailed analysis would exceed the scope of this article (see e.g. Woźniak & Dera 2007). Figure 4 illustrates the three types of remote sensing reflectance spectra Rrs(λ) that we distinguished in Pomeranian lakes.